If your SSD's advertised speed looks nothing like what you actually see when copying a large file, SLC cache exhaustion is almost always the reason. Every consumer SSD's headline speed is a peak figure measured inside a fast cache buffer, and that buffer runs out on exactly the kind of large transfer where you'd notice.
The Number on the Box Is a Peak, Not an Average
Most consumer SSDs use a portion of their NAND flash configured to behave like faster, more expensive memory temporarily, creating a speed buffer for incoming writes. Small, everyday file operations rarely fill this buffer, so most day-to-day use genuinely does see the advertised peak speed. The problem shows up specifically when you write more data than the cache can absorb, such as copying a large game install, a video project, or a big batch of files all at once.
Once that cache fills, the drive has to write directly to its slower underlying NAND, and sustained write speed after that point can drop dramatically, in some cases to a small fraction of the advertised peak. A drive advertised at a high peak sequential write speed can fall to a much lower sustained figure once the cache is exhausted, and that sustained number is almost never published anywhere in retail listings.
Why This Catches Buyers Off Guard
Every manufacturer spec sheet and every retail listing leads with the peak figure, because it's the more impressive number and it's genuinely accurate for typical light use. The sustained write speed after cache exhaustion requires independent testing to measure and essentially never appears on a product page. A buyer comparing two SSDs by their headline speed alone has no way to know that one holds its speed much better than the other under a large, sustained write.
This matters most for specific use cases: video editors copying raw footage, gamers installing large game libraries, or anyone routinely moving many gigabytes at once. For typical everyday computing, browsing, office work, general application use, cache exhaustion rarely becomes noticeable because those workloads don't generate enough continuous write volume to matter.
DRAM Cache Is a Related but Separate Signal
Whether a drive includes a dedicated DRAM cache chip is a different spec from the SLC write cache, but the two often correlate. Drives with a dedicated DRAM cache tend to maintain more consistent performance under sustained and mixed workloads, including once the SLC cache has been exhausted, compared to DRAM-less designs that rely entirely on the host system's memory for a smaller, less effective buffer.
What to Check Before Buying
If you regularly move large files, look specifically for independent reviews that test sustained write speed after cache exhaustion, since manufacturer spec sheets essentially never publish this figure themselves. Check whether a drive has a dedicated DRAM cache as a secondary signal of more consistent sustained performance. And don't assume two drives with the same peak sequential speed will behave the same way once you're several hundred gigabytes into a large transfer.
Winner
For typical everyday use, the peak speed on the box is a perfectly reasonable number to shop by. If you regularly move large files, seek out independent sustained-write testing before buying, since that's the number that actually predicts your real experience, and it's rarely printed on the packaging.
Pros and Cons
High peak speed drives with a large SLC cache: Feel extremely fast for everyday use and most typical file operations, but performance can drop substantially once you exceed the cache during a large sustained transfer.
Drives with a dedicated DRAM cache: Tend to hold performance more consistently under sustained and mixed workloads, generally at a modest price premium over DRAM-less designs.
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